Media Influence On Public Policy Essay - 1847 Words

Policymaking is a political process which is affected by various social and economic factors (Hofferbert, 1974) and media systems play an integral role in shaping the social context in which policies are developed. Through the media, citizens learn how government policies will affect them, and governments gain feedback on their policies and programs. Media systems act as the primary channels between those who might want to influence policy and the policymakers controlling the scope of political discourse and regulating the flow of information. Textbook policymaking follows an orderly sequence where problems are identified, solutions devised, policies adopted, implemented, and lastly evaluated (Mazamanian Sabatier, 1989). In reality,†¦show more content†¦Consequently, the political sphere is now being colonised by the media, and politics has begun re-orientating itself to satisfy the logic of media organisations (Meyer, 2002, p. 71). Therefore, the media are active partici pants in the policymaking process and the ability to stimulate change or maintain the status quo depends on their choice of subject or policy issue and how they frame it. Active investigative reporting attempts to shape policy outcomes, but this does not necessarily mean that it always represents the most successful approach for gaining policy changes (Spitzer, 1993, p. 7). In fact, sometimes passive, straight reporting can have a greater influence on policy choices. When this occurs, media independence is largely bypassed, as the news generated depends solely on the information released (as public relations material) from legitimate news sources. For example, in the United States, White House staff routinely make ‘leaks’ - expressively to influence policy decisions (Davis, 1992, p. 143; Robinson, 2001, p. 948). Robinson noted that journalists regard â€Å"leaks†¦ as indispensable to their work† and that they are aware of their use by officials in return for scoops (2001, p. 949). The media may also influence policy outcomes through their abilityShow MoreRelatedMedia Influence on Public Policy Essays1861 Words   |  8 Pagesprocess which is affected by various social and economic factors (Hofferbert, 1974) and media systems play an integral role in shaping the social context in which policies are developed. Through the media, citizens learn how government policies will affect them, and governments gain feedback on their policies and programs. Media systems act as the primary channels between those who might want to influence policy and the policymakers controlling the scope of political discourse and regulating theRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Model Can Guide The Public Opinion And Mass Communication1464 Words   |  6 Pagessetting. The agenda setting model can guide the public opinion and mass communication about some social or political issues. Different with media effects model, the media effects more like to telling people how to think, however, the ag enda setting model is successful in telling people what to think about. In a general way, agenda setting theory was constructed in the environment of traditional mass media, and the purpose is to study traditional mass media. About the visual agenda setting, the particularRead MoreEssay on The Creation of Public Policy1178 Words   |  5 Pagesdecides to create public policy through the interaction of the branches, the influence of political parties, and the effects of media. So what is public policy? Public policy is the action taken by the government to make changes for the better. As the paper goes on one will learn about this even further throughout it. When dealing with public policy and how it is created one must know how the idea is even brought up and put into motion. Anyone can have an idea for public policy and bring it to theRead MoreHow The Media Shapes The Public Discourse Of Crime1344 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of How the Media Shapes the Public Discourse of Crime Whether through social media, televised news, or newspapers, most people are exposed to some sort of news media every day. It is the responsibility of the media to inform the public about what is happening in the world around us, and more often than not, that includes reporting crime. If the media is the source of our information, they have the power to influence our perception of that information. The media have the powerRead MoreThe Role and Influence of Mass Media1154 Words   |  5 PagesTopic 5: The role and influence of mass media Since the development of technology, mass media becomes an important part of modern society. It influences all areas; therefore, it is raising a question among people about what are the role and influence of mass media. The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population). Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the InternetRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On The Political Movement Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe norm of journalism is to present information or news to the general public via mass media. Thus, it plays an important part in everyday life. Notwithstanding, media have a vigorous relation with politics especially among the democratic societies (Fernandez-Quijada 2013). Moreover, the media is also perceived as the fourth estate due to the fact that it able to influence and affects the perceptions of the general public towards the political movement (Kemp 2013). However, in comparison to theRead MoreEssay on Effects of Mass Media on Society1650 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced by mass media. Although traditional television watching and newspaper reading are no lo nger as popular as before, people spend more time in front of computers listening to music and radios, reading news and information, interacting with other people in social network and watching television programmes and films. The developing technology of mobile phone allows people to do almost everything they can do with the computer. Nowaday, people are living in a world ‘saturated by media sounds and imagesRead MoreThe Media And The Criminal Justice System Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe media plays the role as entertaining and a source of information to its viewers, however, with the current crime trends, most viewers have the perceptions that our criminal justice system is lacking in areas of proper sentencing and protecting the viewers. All this is based upon what we see in the media is the information reliable or not? I say this because of hearing about news personality lying about their experience only to booster the networks rating. When the criminal justice sys tem hasRead MoreWho Holds The Most Influence Over The Election Process?1724 Words   |  7 PagesWho holds the most influence over the election process? This is a question citizens have long argued and will continue to argue as long as the American democratic system is in place. Most arguments tend to put blame on a single â€Å"actor† in the political process. Whether they name the parties, the candidates, the media, or rarely the public as the ultimate power holder, the tendency is again the idea to single out one participate as the sole authority over the American election process. We have discussedRead MoreMedia and Politics: Agenda Setting and Framing Essay examples863 Words   |  4 PagesHow has media influenced public perception of political figures, issues, and institutions? Through agenda setting and framing, media has the power to set the agenda for political discussion by providing public attention to political figures, issues, and institutions. In addition, the media can frame political agendas by influencing public perception and interpretation. (Ginsberg, Lowi Weir, 1999) Agenda Setting and Framing Political Figures and Candidates In campaigning, media coverage plays

Native American And European Interaction - 2185 Words

Throughout the course of history there have been numerous accounts regarding Native American and European interaction. From first contact to Indian removal, the interaction was somewhat of a roller coaster ride, leading from times of peace to mini wars and rebellions staged by the Native American tribes. The first part of this essay will briefly discuss the pre-Columbian Indian civilizations in North America and provide simple awareness of their cultures, while the second part of this essay will explore all major Native American contact leading up to, and through, the American Revolution while emphasizing the impact of Spanish, French, and English explorers and colonies on Native American culture and vice versa. The third, and final, part of this essay will explore Native American interaction after the American Revolution with emphasis on westward expansion and the Jacksonian Era leading into Indian removal. Furthermore, this essay will attempt to provide insight into aspects of Nati ve American/European interaction that are often ignored such as: gender relations between European men and Native American women, slavery and captivity of native peoples, trade between Native Americans and European colonists, and the effects of religion on Native American tribes. By the 1500s, when Europeans first began arriving in North America, as many as 10 million Indians lived on a continent mapped by trails and rivers, many of which, were used as an extensive trading network by the, then,Show MoreRelatedHow Did Interactions Between Europeans And Native Americans Shape The Way Each Group Viewed Their World?2015 Words   |  9 PagesHow did interactions between Europeans and Native Americans shape the way each group viewed their world? How did they see each other? How did each group expect to be treated? What influenced things in this manner? What events (if any) changed their views? The only reason the Europeans and Native Americans met when they did was Spain was looking for a more direct route to India. The King and Queen of Spain funded Christopher Columbus’s journey to the new world. When arriving to what we know as theRead MoreThe Book Skull Wars By Kennewick Man962 Words   |  4 Pagesits relationship between American Indians and European Descent. This novel reveals the underlying truth, hardship and reality of who Christopher Columbus once called Los Indios. In the book Skull Wars by Kennewick Man, Brian Fagan’s Statement of the rewriting of the past can relate to Skull Wars in numerous ways. I Agree with his statement and believe that if we do not care or learn about what has really happened in the past, why would it be so hard for mainstream American society to feed us misinterpretedRead More Native American vs. European Way of Life Essays567 Words   |  3 Pages Native Americans and European Compare/Contrast Essay Europeans lived a much more modern way of life than the primitive lifestyle of Native Americans. Europeans referred to themselves as â€Å"civilized† and regarded Native Americans as â€Å"savage,† â€Å"heathen,† or â€Å"barbarian.† Their interaction provoked by multiple differences led to misunderstanding and sometimes conflict. These two cultures, having been isolated from one another, exhibited an extensive variation in their ideals. EuropeansRead More Prejudice Against Native Americans Essay914 Words   |  4 Pages Prejudice Against Native Americans These people began migrating thirty thousand years before Christopher Colombus quot;discoveredquot; the Americas. Native Americans migrated from Asia, crossing a land bridge where the Bering Strait off the coast of Alaska is today. Over the centuries these people spread throughout the continents of North and South America. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the American Indian has been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms thatRead MoreNative American And English Colonists1056 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment. This is where Native American and English colonists interactions began. Prior to English settlers, the Native Americans had also had interactions with the Spanish. At first people believed that English colonists would treat the Natives better than the Spanish colonists. But as history has shown, this was not the case. Quickly after the first interactions with the Native Americans the need for the colonist to gain control of the Native American was inevitable. With Europeans coming into AmericaRead MoreEffect Of Fishing On The New Foundland Area865 Words   |  4 Pagescould be one point of view however nature is in equilibrium when at its natural population, and the fishing practices of European Nations forced the fish populations to dangerously below ecological equilibrium (Richter 2001). Notably the Europeans did not share the same se nse of environmental awareness as the Native Americans. Once voyages to North America became profitable, European nations looked to capitalize in any way possible. The nations really had to sell the idea of starting a new life fromRead MoreRelationship Between Europeans And American Indians1229 Words   |  5 PagesAlvi Explain how mutual understandings and cultural interactions affected the relationship between Europeans and American Indians. How did these groups eventually adapt to each other? Confine your answer to pre Columbian society to 1607. At the beginning of this time period, European settlers were attracted to the Americas in hopes of gaining land and spreading Christianity. Initially, the settlers established a friendly relationship with the natives, relying on them to learn skills like farming, huntingRead MoreChristopher Columbus, America, And The Colonialization Of Native Americans1114 Words   |  5 PagesPrior to 1492, Native Americans had already migrated across North America, established complex societies, and adapted to their environments in various ways. â€Å"They live according to their whims, and in complete freedom† (Taylor 87), said a Spanish invader of the simplistic Native American lifestyle. Agricultural practices and the cultivation of maize became prominent in the American Southwest, with centrality in present-day Mexico. The advancement of agriculture grew societies economically and dramaticallyRead MoreThe Significance Of The Frontier By Frederick Jackson Turner869 Words   |  4 Pages an effect on the progression of the country for him to safely leave out. Native Americans have a pivotal role in America s history, yet Turner s mentions of them in his thesis are extremely limited. For this reason, Frederick Jackson Turner s â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier† is not an accurate depiction of the history of the United States. Unlike the image that Turner represents in his Frontier Thesis, Native Americans played a large role in the formation of America s history. Turner continuouslyRead MoreEnglish View Of Native Americans During Early Nineteenth Century981 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish view of Native Americans in early seventeenth-century According to the English, Native Americans in early seventeenth century Virginia left an imprint on the New England earth. They traditionally settled near water and in small groups, and not in a larger population. They also made little benefit of their land, being never fertile. The English settlers were very taken at the fact they didn’t use the land to the best it could be used. They were tall, brown and proportionate appearance

History of Bangladesh Free Essays

The  history of  Bangladesh  as a  nation state  began in 1971, when it seceded from  Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was part of  ancient,  classical,  medieval  and  colonial  India. The area’s early history featured a succession of  Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between  Hinduism  and  Buddhism  for dominance. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Islammade its first appearance between the 8th-10th centuries when Muslim missionaries arrived. Later, Muslim rulers reinforced the process of conversion by building  mosques,  madrassas  and Sufi  Khanqah. The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the  partition of Bengal  and  India  in 1947, when the region became  East Pakistan, part of the newly formed  Islamic State  of  Pakistan. However, it was separated from the  western wing  by 1,600  km (994  mi) of Indian territory. Due to political exclusion, ethnic and linguistic discrimination, as well as economic neglect by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation led by  Sheikh Mujibur Rahman grew against  West Pakistan, resulting in the  Bangladesh Liberation War  of 1971, which the  Bengali people  won with the support of India. After independence, the new state endured  famine,  natural disasters  and  widespread poverty, as well as political turmoil and  military coups. The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative calm and economic progress. The Bengali Language Movement The  Bengali Language Movement, also known as the  Language Movement  Bhasha Andolon, was a political effort in  Bangladesh  (then known as  East Pakistan), advocating the recognition of the  Bengali language  as an  official language  of  Pakistan. Such recognition would allow Bengali to be used in government affairs. When the state of Pakistan was  formed  in 1947, its two regions, East Pakistan (also called  East Bengal) and  West Pakistan, were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. In 1948, the  Government of Pakistan  ordained  Urdu  as the sole national language, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the  University of Dhaka  and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest led by the  Awami Muslim League, later renamed the  Awami League. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956. In 2000,  UNESCO  declared 21 February  International Mother Language Day  for the whole world to celebrate,[7]  in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno-linguistic rights of people around the world. The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the  6-point movement  and subsequently the  Bangladesh Liberation War  in 1971. In Bangladesh, 21 February is observed asLanguage Movement Day, a national holiday. The  Shaheed Minar  monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims. ———————– The  History of  Bangladesh How to cite History of Bangladesh, Papers

A Comparison and Contrast of the Supernaturals Ac Essay Example For Students

A Comparison and Contrast of the Supernaturals Ac Essay tive Role in the Lives of MaryRowlandson and Benjamin FranklinA Comparison and Contrast of the Supernaturals Active Role in the Lives of MaryRowlandson and Benjamin FranklinThe literature written during this time period reflects the importantpart the supernatural (God) played during those changing times. The new worldwas struggling for a new identity. Were these individuals also defining therole of God to themselves?In the preceding discussion the lives of Mary Rowlandson and BenjaminFranklin will be discussed. Each wrote a narrative of their life experiences. There are marked contrasts and comparisons between these two individuals relatedto their perceptions of God. Religion was a vital part of life in colonial America. A shift fromtheism to deism was occurring. The Puritans of this time were fleeing the Churchof England. Their hope was to return to the more primitive ways, to reject thechurches hierarchy and ritual. Mary Rowlandson, a puritan in Lancaster, Massachusetts was captured byIndians, along with three of her children in the year 1676. In her narrativeshe relates the story of her survival in the wilderness for a period of threemonths. She is taken away from her home and husband, all was gone (except mylife); and I knew not but the next moment that might go too (127). Benjamin Franklins The Autobiography is an account of his life and beginswith his boyhood life in Boston. He later flees to Philadelphia to escape hisbrothers rule over him. He relates how he was dirty, fatigud, and Want ofRest (222). In these depictions we can see an analogy. These individuals are removedfrom their homes and families. Although Benjamin Franklins removal was of hisown free will. They each suffered as they no longer had the comforts of whichthey were accustomed. Rowlandsons faith was remarkable considering all that she endured. Through out the narrative she must rely on her faith in God. She incorporatesnumerous verses from the Bible to offer explanations for all that she hassuffered, Wait on the Lord: be of good courage, and he shall strengthen thineheart: wait, I say on the Lord (129). It is also noted that she was able to useher trade to survive, knitting a pair of white cotton stockings for mymistress(130). This is also a parallel to Franklin in that he also used histrade to survive. But one must ask what is motivating Rowlandson? Is she writingfor posterity or is she merely egocentric? Rowlandson has depicted herself asthe ultimate Puritan. Was the glory to God or to herself? She also relates herehow many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent (128). It is interesting to notethat toward the end of the narrative she begins to see that her fate is in Godshands, When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee(133). At theend she recounts her old ways, I have seen the extreme vanity of this world(134). Franklin, states, I had been religiously educated, Iseldom attended anyPublic Worship(226). Some of the dogma he described as unintelligible,others doubtful (225). He saw a need to center authority for our lives not inGod but in oneself. He also noted My conduct may be blameable, but I leave itwithout attempting farther to excuse it (227). Franklin is explaining hisbehavior but not making apologies. It is also noted that he reveals that he hadundertaken the bold and arduous Project of arriving at moral perfection (227). He had also written a Form of Prayer for my own private use (227). InFranklins Thirteen Names of Virtues, He lists the qualities he deemsDesirable (228). Originally there were only 12 but a Quaker friend kindlyinformd me that I was generally thought proud (233). The last virtue ishumility, and his statement imitate Jesus and Socrates, reflect deism(228). .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc , .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .postImageUrl , .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc , .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc:hover , .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc:visited , .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc:active { border:0!important; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc:active , .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf6ddeefa7db1d5f3b4b9ef7541c327dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diabetes EssayAlthough Franklin does state that he was not able to achieve this virtue, hereveals, I had a good deal with regard to the Appearance of it (233). Franklin also had a Memorandum Book, in which he kept track of his virtues. The book was lined in red ink and his faults were marked in black, which marksI could easily wipe out with a wet sponge(231). Could this possibly be ananalogy to God? Franklin is forming his own destiny in relation with his deistbeliefs. The ideas he projects are rectitude, justice and belief that happinessmay

America and Nuclear Weapons Testing essays

America and Nuclear Weapons Testing essays American policymakers in the late 1940s debated the very controversial topic of nuclear weapons testing on American soil. Previously, American policymakers such as Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) head Sumner Pike stated that "only a national emergency could justify testing in the United States" (Ball 27-28). As the Soviet Union and communism expanded half a world away, hostilities broke out in Korea, which authorities asserted was a national emergency that would warrant nuclear testing on American soil. Authorities within the AEC believed that to maintain nuclear superiority and preserve national security, nuclear tests would have to be conducted in the continental United States. The Nevada Test Site (NTS) was chosen for a few primary reasons: it was a flat area with little rainfall to minimize radioactive fallout, the winds traditionally blew east towards the relatively "uninhabited" portions of Nevada and Utah and away from the heavy population concentrations of the West Coast (Che ney 36). Nuclear weapons' testing was essential for national security, yet it was not necessary for these tests to take place within the continental United States. Testing at the Nevada Test Site began in early 1951, and within the next seven years, 90 nuclear explosions occurred in the Nevada desert. The ominous result of these tests was the distribution of radioactive particles throughout the United States with areas in eastern Nevada and southern Utah especially affected (Some Questions 1). The tests were conducted to enhance the American nuclear arsenal – the goal wasn't only to achieve the biggest bomb, it included the development of tactical nuclear devices that could be used on the battlefield against enemy troops without causing harm to friendly troops. As Glenn Cheney, a radioactivity researcher and author, comments on the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, "To fall behind, to become weaker, might be to practical...

General Educations Writing Essay Example

General Educations Writing Essay Example General Educations Writing Essay General Educations Writing Essay Written Communications is one of my weaknesses because I have a hard time learning how to compose works that apply the correct structures of a composition which Is coherent paragraphing, Intelligible sentence structure, precise and varied word choice, and correcting spelling, grammar, and mechanics. I have always have problems In this area in school because I didnt know express myself clear In my written and If it was a boring topic It was hard for me to write about because It was meeting that was not interesting to me. I plan to work on this area In the future by asking my teachers for help and guidance with my writing. This will Impact my success In college because I would be able to analyze and Interpret college level materials without any Issues. Oral communicating would be the second weaknesses because I have a hard time learning how to understand information in different verbal and nonverbal messages. Again this was something I struggled with as a child because I didnt like doing presentation in front my class so I would not do it because I was shy to speak in front of people and felt like it was putting on the spot light. I plan to work on this area in the future by noting letting my pride get in the way of me doing what I got to do when comes to doing presentations in front of people. This will impact my success in college I will be more confident to do my work. : Last area I would consider a weakness would be Critical Thinking and Problem Solving because I dont use appropriate problem solving method when I get mad. It is hard for me to control my anger and deal with certain situation professional. So what I have learned to go is Just walk away I find that to help well. I plan to work on this area in the future by not letting people get to me and try to think before I act. This will impact my success in college by being the bigger person in certain situations.

Can it be legalize of the sale of human organs Essay

Can it be legalize of the sale of human organs - Essay Example Thus, it is unnecessary for the sale of human organs to be legalized because it will lead to the loss of many lives. Organ donors, as well as families to the deceased donor, believe that they are obliged to benefit from the organs. However, the governments, brokers as well as hospitals are the ones that benefit from the organ donated by a deceased or a living donor. Thus, legalization of the selling of human organs will only benefit the rich few in the society. Additionally, it is evident that some people are involved in the illegal sale of human organs (This House Would Legalize, 2011). For instance, the Chinese hospitals involve themselves in the sale of the organs of the executed prisoners. From this assertion, it is evident that politics will influence the sale of the organs and, as a result, many people will be convicted and executed in order to meet the demands of the few in the society. Additionally, it is evident that many debtors will be abused by their lenders. It is possib le for the organ lenders to be taking part in the selling of the organs belonging to their debtors in order to quench their demands. Thus, it is crucial to the sale of human organs not to be

FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FINAL EXAM - Essay Example This separates personal assets from business assets hence cannot be involved in lawsuits. The other advantage is that cooperate business has a continuity agreement, in that even if one member dies the other shareholders still have it alive. Disadvantages come in when it is required to file many legal documents such as the certificates and articles of incorporation, which may take long and is cumbersome. Another major disadvantage is that cooperate business do get tax deductions when distributing dividends, and this eats up into shareholders earnings. Question 3 "To pierce the corporate veil" refers to the possibility of someone to sue the owners of the corporate business. The corporate shareholders are thus held personally liable for the assets and liabilities of the business. Double taxation happens when the cooperate business is taxed for being a corporation itself and the second time when distributing dividends which are profits paid to shareholders in return of their investments. Question 4 I would prefer to start a partnership business for a small cafe/restraint business, where I would sell beverages and snacks. If managed well, a restaurant business can be very profitable as food is one of the basic needs of a human being implying that customers would always stream into the restaurant provided high quality services are provided. Restaurants do not need a lot of capital and expertise to start, all it needs is a spacious room with furniture, a well stocked kitchen, a couple of employees, cooks and waitresses. I prefer a partnership business with two partners where every partner has equal responsibilities to the business and is involved in the daily operations of the restaurant. Partnerships are relatively easy to start and compared to sole proprietors, the partners can raise a higher capital to start the business. Partners help each other in business decisions for instance interviewing employees or signing in a new contract. In connection to my restraint bu siness, my partner should have a hotel and catering skills to compliment my business skills. With a partnership, it is easier to get credit facilities because they have unlimited liability hence easier to raise sufficient funds to run the restaurant. Lastly, a partnership business is easy to dissolve as there not many legal restrictions. When the partners decide to go separate ways they just need to agree on how to split the assets and benefits after paying all the debts. Question 5 General liability- Here, the court will have to establish who has right to control the work and workers performing the duties. Parties Intentions- The intention of parties is also considered when differentiating an employee and a contractor. The court should check the agreement between the parties. Financial control- In determining a person’s status, financial issues are also important. The court should establish who pays the workers and where they get tools to perform their duties. Tax- If the wo rker is an independent employee, he is supposed to pay taxes from his/her pocket but if the worker is a contractor the hiring parties should pay his taxes. Working time- If the working time is longer than that of a usual contract, then the workers lean more towards the employee side than a contractor. Question 6 In legal terminologies," respondeat superior" means the employer is liable for the mistakes of their employee committed on the scope of work (Marsh &

DINING ROOM MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DINING ROOM MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example In the preparation of a concept theme of a restaurant involves several considerations (Ignacio 54). This paper will attempt to prepare a concept theme for a restaurant that does not avail quick service to its customers. This restaurant, however, avails all the other types of services. When establishing a restaurant business, it is essential to make a decision regarding the operational strategy. The owner should have a clear idea about the restaurant even before moving forward. The plans for the new restaurant will automatically be composed of the established type of service. The restaurant will possibly be within the fundamental categories of services such as fine dining, full-service restaurants, fat-casual restaurant, and casual restaurant. Unlike other restaurants, this restaurant will not include the quick service option. First, this restaurant will have the characteristics of full-service restaurants. These are the type of restaurants where there is an encapsulation of the idea of moving out to have a meal though that is old-fashioned. These types of restaurants will invite their guests to be seated around the tables while the attendants or servers take the full order of the guests and serve them the foods and the drinks (Huiskamp 489). This restaurant will typically have the establishments of fine dining and partly casual eateries. The employees will include hosts and hostesses, bartenders and servers. It is aimed that the restaurant gains the perceived value with beautiful and unique dà ©cor, special dishes, and renowned chefs. Being a full-service restaurant, it will also encompass casual dining. This will imply that the restaurant will be typically affordable and mostly meant to satisfy the needs of families. It will be offering a full-service table, but the food, service and dà ©cor will be less remarkable than the fine dining

Analysis Of A Linear Accelerator

Analysis Of A Linear Accelerator Nowadays patient with cancer are treated by radiation, surgery, chemotherapy or with a combination of these options. The radiotherapy treatment unit used to deliver radiation to cancerous cells and tissues is the linear accelerator, also known as linac. The linear accelerator has been defined by Khan F. M. (2003) as a device that uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate electrons, to high energies through a linear tube. The electron beam itself can be used for treating superficial toumors, or it can strike a target to produce x-rays for treating deep-seated toumors. The energy used for the radiotherapy treatment of deep situated tissues varies from 6-15 MV (photons) and the treatment of superficial toumors (less than 5cm deep) is between 6-20MeV. (Khan, 2003) The purpose of this essay is to describe a linear accelerator, analyse its components in the stand and the gantry of the linac, and explain the principles of operation and then discuss why it is best situated to the task for which it was designed. Some advantages and disadvantages of the linac will also be included in the discussion part of the essay. Main body: Figure 1:http://www.cerebromente.org.br/ As you can see from the schematic picture above, the major components of a linac are: Klystron: source of microwave power Electron gun: source of electrons. Waveguide (feed and accelerating waveguide): microwaves travel through the feed waveguide and then to the accelerating waveguide, where electrons are accelerated from the electron gun. Circulator: a device that prevents microwaves of being reflected back from the accelerator. Cooling water system: cools the components of the linac. Bending magnet: A bending magnet is used to change the direction of the accelerated electron beam from horizontal to vertical. (Hendee et al, 2005) X-ray target: electrons hit the target and produce x-rays. Flattening filter: even out the intensity of the beam. Ionisation chambers: they control the dose leaving the head of the linac. Beam collimation: shape the radiation beam to a certain size Klystron: There are two types of microwave power. The klystron and the magnetron. Magnetrons are used for lower energy linacs. In the high energy linear accelerator klystron is used. All modern linacs have klystrons. Both klystron and magnetron are special types of evacuated tubes that are used to produce microwave power to accelerate electrons. (Karzmark and Morton, 1998). The tube requires a low-power radiofrequency oscillator to supply radiofrequency power to the first cavity called the buncher. (Hendee et al, 2005) In the bunching cavity, electrons produced from the electron gun, are bunched together to regulate their speed. The microwave frequency is thousands times higher than ordinary radio wave frequency. For a linac to work, the microwave frequency needed is 3 billion cycles per second. (3000MHz) (Karzmark and Morton, 1998) Electron gun: The electron gun is part of the klystron. Here, electrons are produced and then accelerated to radiofrequency cavities. The source of electrons is a directly heated filament made from tungsten, which will release electrons by thermionic emission. (Bomford, 2003) Tungsten is used because it is a good thermionic emitter with high atomic number, providing a good source of electrons. Klystrons usually have 3-5 cavities, used to bunch electrons together and increase microwave power amplification. Waveguide: There are two different types of waveguides used in linacs. The first is the feed waveguide and the second is the accelerating waveguide. The first one connects the klystron to the main part of the linac. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is used in the feed waveguide, to stop the arcing of electrons, caused by the microwaves that create strong electric fields. A circulator is placed in the waveguide system, to prevent microwaves being reflected back. Microwaves travel then to the accelerating waveguide. The accelerator guide of a linac requires a high vacuum to prevent power loss and electrical arcing, caused by interactions of electrons with gas molecules.(Cook, 1998)The acceleration of electrons takes place here. The accelerator waveguide bunch and accelerate the electrons with the microwaves. Electrons travel with a high velocity to almost the speed of light. (98% of speed of light) Microwaves travel to the speed of light, so irises are used to slow them down, so that electrons can keep up with the microwaves and be accelerated. There are two types of accelerator waveguide: the travelling and the standing waveguide. The difference between the standing and the travelling wave accelerators is the design of the accelerator waveguide. In the travelling wave accelerator, electrons travel towards the machine and microwaves are absorbed, but in the standing wave accelerator microwaves are reflected back upon themselves. The standing wave accelerator is the main type used in medical linear accelerators. Bending magnet: The electron beam leaving from the accelerator waveguide continues through the bending magnet. This is used to change the direction of the electron beam, to exit through the treatment head. The bending magnet deflects the beam in a loop of 270o, or 90o. The most common degree of bending magnet used in linacs is the 270o achromatic magnet. The important property of this magnet is that the electrons are brought together despite the difference in energies. They are brought back together to the same position, angle, and beam cross section at the target, as they were when they left the accelerator waveguide. X-rays target: The target is made of tungsten because of its high atomic number. When electrons, with their high speed, hit the target, made up from a high atomic number material, they undergo rapid deceleration. This sudden loss of energy results in the formation of x-rays and photons. To maximise the X-ray beam intensity, the transmission target will be thick enough to stop all the electrons bombarding it but thin enough to minimise the self absorption.( Bomford, 2003) In order to switch from photon to electron therapy, the target is removed to allow the electron stream to continue into the head of the machine. Flattening filter: In order to make the beam intensity uniform across the field a flattening filter is used. It is usually made of lead, although tungsten, uranium, steel, aluminium, or a combination has also been used or suggested. The flattening filter absorbs more photons from the centre of the beam and fewer from the periphery of the beam. Ionisation chambers: Ionisation champers measure the amount of radiation leaving the machine, quantified in units Monitor units. Every linac has two ionisation chambers for safety reasons. The ionisation is a round, flat structure, filled with gas, divided into a number of segments, where each segment contains electrodes. When radiation passes through the gas, it is then ionised creating a high charged density that is controlled by the electrodes. The treatment terminates when the readings from the electrodes have reached a pre-set M.U value. Collimation: A primary collimator limits the maximum field size for x-ray therapy (40 x 40cm). It ensures that x-rays leaving the target leave in a forward direction in order to minimise radiation leakage through the head. The treatment field size is defined by the secondary collimator. This collimator reduces the transmission penumbra, since radiation must travel through the entire collimator thickness. It consists of four thick metal blocks, called jaws. There are two pairs of jaws, upper and lower jaws. With the use of asymmetric jaws, by moving each jaw individually, asymmetric field sizes can be produced. Half beam blocking can also be enabling. Different intensity patterns can be produced, from the standard flat beam profile, by moving during treatment. Multi-leaf collimators are finger like projections, 1cm thick. These fingers like projections move independently in order to form the field shape more closely to the shape of the planning target volume. By using MLCs, less radiation is given to normal tissues. Discussion: From the introduction of this essay, the definition of the linac was given. A linac is a high voltage machine, used for the treatment of cancerous cells and tissues. With the structure of a linac this is achieved. By radiating cancerous tissues, with daily radiation treatment, cancerous tissues can be destroyed and then replaced by normal tissues. Every component in the linac is carefully selected for the function for which it is designed. First of all, the klystron is used to produce microwaves, because it is better than a magnetron that is used for lower energy linear accelerators. Because linear accelerators have higher energy beam, klystron are used for production of x-rays. Continuing to the electron gun, tungsten wire or filament is used, because of its high melting point, high atomic number, and it is ductile. With this features tungsten is a good thermionic emitter, is a good source of electrons and can be easily shaped into spiral, in order to create a larger surface area for the electrons to be emitted. In the feed waveguide Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is placed with the intention of stopping the arcing of electrons. At the end of the waveguide a circulator is placed so as microwaves cannot be reflected back. As we move on to the accelerating waveguide, and the standing wave accelerator used in linacs, we can see why the standing wave accelerator is used. The backward travelling wave interferes with the forward travelling wave, alternatively constructively and destructively. The resulting standing wave has a magnitude of approximately double that of the travelling wave, and the peak intensity travels along the waveguide at the phase velocity of the travelling wave.(Knapp et al, 1968) Following the waveguide is the bending magnet. Here we have the achromatic magnet where its main task is to change the direction of the electrons, but more important to bring the electrons together despite the difference in energies. A flattening filter is used to make the beam even from the central axis to its peripheral edges, to have homogenous distribution of the dose. Ionisation chambers are essential in a linac. They monitor the dose leaving the treatment head, so that the linear accelerator knows when to end the treatment. Collimation in a linear accelerator is necessary. Without the primary and secondary radiation a linac wouldnt be as suitable for the task for which it was designed. The field size and shape is vital in order to radiate only the cancerous tissues and not normal tissues. Nowadays with the advances of technology and the use not only of MLCs, but also IMRT and IGRT, survival rates of cancer have increased. Last but not least, a linear accelerator can treat a patient with different energy modalities. By removing the target, the electron stream can continue into the head of the machine and then be used for the treatment of superficial toumors. By leaving the target, photons are produced to treat deep-situated toumors. Nowadays most linacs have virtual wedges, compared to some decades ago, where there where only manual wedges. Now radiographers with the use of virtual wedges dont have to concern about manual handling, as they dont have to do anything. I believe that linear accelerators are not perfect. Linacs are extremely expensive to buy, so poor countries dont have the opportunity to treat their patients from cancer. It is hard to keep up with the advances of technology, as everything is very expensive to buy, and only wealthy countries can buy the latest equipment. A disadvantage of switching from photon to electron modalities is that applicators and blocks are used to direct the electrons and shape the beam. Applicators are very heavy. Blocks are made of lead which may cause lead poisoning if they are not handled with care. The only disadvantage with MLCs is that when conforming the beam shape to the PTV, some radiation will be leaking, even when using the tongue and groove effect. Last but not least the linacs to work efficiently they need daily quality assurance tests and maintenance from physicists. Conclusion: Linear accelerator is the main treatment unit used for the treatment of abnormal tissues. With its precise position of the beam, shaped differently for every patient individually, it certainly is the best machine for the treatment of cancer. A linac uses microwaves to accelerate electrons and then hit the target where x-rays are produced. This x-rays are collected and then form the shape of the beam. Nowadays with the rapid advances of technology, linacs in a few years time will be even more efficient than today. Definitely linear accelerators are best suited for the task for which they were designed. All the components of a linear accelerator are carefully selected for its needs. From the smallest to the bigger parts of the linac, are designed for the best outcome. References: BOMFORD, C.K., 2003. Megavoltage beam generators. In: C.K BOMFORD and I.H KUNKLER, ed. Walter and Millers Textbook of Radiotherapy. London: Churchill Livingstone, Pages 162-183. COOK, M., 1998. X-Ray Production. In: A. DUXBURY and P. CHERRY, ed. Practical Radiotherapy Physics and Equipment. London: GMM, Pages 21-26. HENDEE W. R., IBBOTT G. S. and HENDEE E. G., 2005. Radiation Therapy Physics. 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Liss. KARZMARK, C.J and MORTON, R., 1998. A Primer on Theory and Operation of Linear Accelerators in Radiotherapy. 2nd ed. Madison, Wisconsin: Medical Physics Publishing. KHAN M.F., 2003.The Physics of Radiation Therapy.3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. KNAPP, E. A., KNAPP, B. C. and POTTER I. M., 1968. Standing Wave High Energy Linear Accelerator Structures. In: HENDEE W. R., IBBOTT G. S. and HENDEE E. G., 2005. Radiation Therapy Physics. 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Liss.

The Lost Tradition Essay -- Essays Papers

The Lost Tradition Every Sunday was understood to be a family day. No one even thought to make plans with friends or to schedule anything on that day. It was our â€Å"family tradition.† I only wish I appreciated that time with my family more as a child. It always started out the same way. My two brothers and I would awaken to the smell of breakfast, being cooked by my father. We would climb out of bed and wearily make our way to the table. After eating more than we knew we should have, the calm that we once were all in disappeared. The hectic â€Å"getting ready† took over. There was fighting over the bathroom and trying to find lost shoes, even the occasional fist fight between my brothers and me. Although I hated getting ready in such disorganized circumstances, I would love to relive it again. My father rushed the three of us out of the door with barely enough time to make the five minute drive to CCD class. Directly after CCD, we would meet my parents in the church for mass. As much as my brothers and I fought, we knew how to behave in church, and usually the hour passed uneventfully. We got the case of the giggles now and then, but a stern look from my father put that to an end very quickly. The next part of the afternoon was the part I dreaded most. We would all be loaded up into our minivan and taken for long boring drives to the places my parents loved to go. I would have no choice but to stare at the miles of trees and to listen to the local country station for hou...